New Pakistani Film Arth 2 by Shaan Shahid 2. Lollywood is booming back and its going to be bombastic with the New Pakistani Film Arth 2, 2. Shaan Shahid. Arth 2 Pakistani movie to be released somewhere in 2. Indian Movie Arth by Mahesh Bhatt. Once Shaan Shahid was of the view to promote the local Lollywood film industry owed to being a patriotic Pakistani, is now going to launch his new venture Arth 2 which is evidently the remake of the super hit controversial movie Arth made by Bollywood Director Mahesh Bhatt. Shaan Shahid would play the central character in the movie and most probably Humaima Malik in Arth 2 would be the leading lady. New Pakistani movie arth 2. When asked about the movie being a remake of popular Indian Movie Arth, Shaan said that he was on for the script and the good script is something that drives a movie. This is where he has joined hands with Mahesh Bhatt to do that Arth movie remake. New Pakistani movie arth 2. Arth 2000Arthritis symptoms include pain, joint inflammation, and swelling. Get the facts on arthritis diet, treatment, and medications. There are over 100 types of arthritis. Arthritis — Comprehensive overview covers arthritis symptoms, arthritis treatment and types of arthritis. Study sets matching "2 arth 200" Study sets. Study sets matching "2 arth 200" 62 terms. Arthritis-Related Statistics. Adults with arthritis were about 2.5 times more likely to have two or more falls and suffer a fall injury in the past 12 months. Study ARTH Quiz 2 Flashcards at ProProfs -. Jan and Hubert van Eyck <Ghent Altarpiece (annunciation wit donors)> 1430's, oil on panel. Arch Therapeutics, Inc. The official launch of the poster of the upcoming film 'Arth 2' was recently released. The film, which is a remake of Indian movie 'Arth' by Mahesh Bhatt, is directed. We wont get you bored anymore! Here we have Promo of the Upcoming Pakistani Movie Arth 2 First Lookstarring Shaan Shahid, Humayun Saeed, Humaima Malik and Uzma Hassan.
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Genetic Code WheelThe Genetic Code in DNA. The instructions for the construction of proteins is written in DNA using the genetic code. More specifically, the sequence of bases bonded. Genomics provides an overview of the complete set of genetic instructions provided by the DNA, while transcriptomics looks into gene expression patterns. Genetic code - Wikipedia. A series of codons in part of a messenger RNA (m. RNA) molecule. Each codon consists of three nucleotides, usually corresponding to a single amino acid. The nucleotides are abbreviated with the letters A, U, G and C. This is m. RNA, which uses U (uracil). DNA uses T (thymine) instead. This m. RNA molecule will instruct a ribosome to synthesize a protein according to this code. In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick revealed the structure and properties of DNA, the molecule that carries our genetic information. The genetic code is the information in DNA and RNA that determines amino acid sequences in protein synthesis. In the March 1995 issue of "Scientific American", in the article titled "Talking Trash" (see below. The genetic code links groups of nucleotides in an mRNA to amino acids in a protein. Start codons, stop codons, reading frame. The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material (DNA or m. RNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links amino acids in an order specified by m. RNA, using transfer RNA (t. RNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the m. RNA three nucleotides at a time. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 6. The code defines how sequences of nucleotide triplets, called codons, specify which amino acid will be added next during protein synthesis. With some exceptions. The vast majority of genes are encoded with a single scheme (see the RNA codon table). That scheme is often referred to as the canonical or standard genetic code, or simply the genetic code, though variant codes (such as in human mitochondria) exist. While the . George Gamow postulated that sets of three bases must be employed to encode the 2. Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich J. Matthaei were the first to reveal the nature of a codon in 1. They used a cell- free system to translate a poly- uracil RNA sequence (i. UUUUU..) and discovered that the polypeptide that they had synthesized consisted of only the amino acid phenylalanine. Using various copolymers most of the remaining codons were then determined. Subsequent work by Har Gobind Khorana identified the rest of the genetic code. Shortly thereafter, Robert W. Holley determined the structure of transfer RNA (t. RNA), the adapter molecule that facilitates the process of translating RNA into protein. This work was based upon Ochoa's earlier studies, yielding the latter the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1. RNA synthesis. In these experiments, various combinations of m. RNA were passed through a filter that contained ribosomes, the components of cells that translate RNA into protein. Unique triplets promoted the binding of specific t. RNAs to the ribosome. Leder and Nirenberg were able to determine the sequences of 5. Sisido extended some codons to have four and five bases. Benner constructed a functional 6. It was a (single cell) bacterium with two synthetic bases (called X and Y). The bases survived cell division. For example, the string GGGAAACCC, if read from the first position, contains the codons GGG, AAA, and CCC; if read from the second position, it contains the codons GGA and AAC; and if read from the third position, GAA and ACC. Every sequence can, thus, be read in its 5' . DNA is double- stranded defining six possible reading frames, three in the forward orientation on one strand and three reverse on the opposite strand. The start codon alone is not sufficient to begin the process. Nearby sequences such as the Shine- Dalgarno sequence in E. The most common start codon is AUG, which is read as methionine or, in bacteria, as formylmethionine. Alternative start codons depending on the organism include . Stop codons are also called . They signal release of the nascent polypeptide from the ribosome because no cognate t. RNA has anticodons complementary to these stop signals, allowing a release factor to bind to the ribosome instead. These errors, mutations, can affect an organism's phenotype, especially if they occur within the protein coding sequence of a gene. Error rates are typically 1 error in every 1. These mutations usually result in a completely different translation from the original, and likely cause a stop codon to be read, which truncates the protein. One reason inheritance of frameshift mutations is rare is that, if the protein being translated is essential for growth under the selective pressures the organism faces, absence of a functional protein may cause death before the organism becomes viable. In these cases a mutation will tend to become more common in a population through natural selection. This phenomenon is called clonal interference and causes competition among the mutations. This term was given by Bernfield and Nirenberg. The genetic code has redundancy but no ambiguity (see the codon tables below for the full correlation). For example, although codons GAA and GAG both specify glutamic acid (redundancy), neither specifies another amino acid (no ambiguity). The codons encoding one amino acid may differ in any of their three positions. For example, the amino acid leucine is specified by YUR or CUN (UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, or CUG) codons (difference in the first or third position indicated using IUPAC notation), while the amino acid serine is specified by UCN or AGY (UCA, UCG, UCC, UCU, AGU, or AGC) codons (difference in the first, second, or third position). NCN yields amino acid residues that are small in size and moderate in hydropathy; NAN encodes average size hydrophilic residues. The genetic code is so well- structured for hydropathy that a mathematical analysis (Singular Value Decomposition) of 1. C = 0. 9. 5) for predicting the hydropathy of the encoded amino acid directly from the triplet nucleotide sequence, without translation. The following codon usage table is for the human genome. B Fraction of each codon among all those specifying a given amino acid. C Frequency among 4. D Number. Standard codon tables. For example, UGA can code for selenocysteine and UAG can code for pyrrolysine. Selenocysteine became to be seen as the 2. The logo shows the 6. Red line: stop codons. The height of each amino acid in the stack shows how often it is aligned to the codon in homologous protein domains. The stack height indicates the support for the prediction. Variations on the standard code were predicted in the 1. In rare cases, certain proteins may use alternative start codons. For example, the program FACIL. The resulting amino acid probabilities for each codon are displayed in a genetic code logo, that also shows the support for a stop codon. Despite these differences, all known naturally occurring codes are very similar. The coding mechanism is the same for all organisms: three- base codons, t. RNA, ribosomes, single direction reading and translating single codons into single amino acids. List of alternative codons. The main hypothesis for life's origin is the RNA world hypothesis. Any model for the emergence of genetic code is intimately related to a model of the transfer from ribozymes (RNA enzymes) to proteins as the principal enzymes in cells. In line with the RNA world hypothesis, transfer RNA molecules appear to have evolved before modern aminoacyl- t. RNA synthetases, so the latter cannot be part of the explanation of its patterns. If amino acids were randomly assigned to triplet codons, there would be 1. This could be an evolutionary relic of an early, simpler genetic code with fewer amino acids that later evolved to code a larger set of amino acids. Amino acids with similar physical properties also tend to have similar codons. Many models belong to one of them or to a hybrid. For example, early t. RNA- like ribozymes may have had different affinities for amino acids, with codons emerging from another part of the ribozyme that exhibited random variability. Once enough peptides were coded for, any major random change in the genetic code would have been lethal, hence it became . Later during evolution, this matching was gradually replaced with matching by aminoacyl- t. RNA synthetases. Experiments with aptamers showed that some amino acids have a selective chemical affinity for their codons. The genetic code grew from a simpler earlier code through a process of . Longer than triplet decoding would greater codon redundancy and would be more error resistant. This feature could allow accurate decoding absent complex translational machinery such as the ribosome, such as before cells began making ribosomes. Information channels: Information- theoretic approaches model the process of translating the genetic code into corresponding amino acids as an error- prone information channel.? The code emerges at a transition when the mapping of codons to amino- acids becomes nonrandom. The code's emergence is governed by the topology defined by the probable errors and is related to the map coloring problem. Such models have been used to suggest that the first polypeptides were likely short and had non- enzymatic function. Game theoretic models suggested that the organization of RNA strings into cells may have been necessary to prevent . As an example for addressing stop codon evolution, it has been suggested that the stop codons are such that they are most likely to terminate translation early in the case of a frame shift error. What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Bibcode: 1. 96. 1PNAS.. N. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Bibcode: 1. 96. 2PNAS.. G. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Bibcode: 1. 96. 3PNAS.. W. The Royal Swedish Academy of Science. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1. Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg 'for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid'. On the general nature of the RNA code. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Bibcode: 1. 96. 5PNAS.. N. The Royal Swedish Academy of Science. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1. Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg 'for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis'. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. Chemistry & Biology. Emergent Computation: Emphasizing Bioinformatics. Reading Ring: Professor Garfield. Put A Ring On It GifThe nitrogen center of pyridine features a basic lone pair of electrons. Because this lone pair is not part of the aromatic ring, pyridine is a base, having chemical. BT MIDIFILE DEMOS Lost! Re-Set The Complete BandTrax WEB. 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Find patient medical information for Nullo oral on WebMD including its uses, side effects and safety, interactions, pictures, warnings and user ratings.King Tut - King - Biography. King Tut is chiefly known for his intact tomb, discovered in Egypt's Valley of the Kings in 1. Learn about our nonprofit work at NationalGeographic.org. The Golden Death Mask - A Golden Portrait of Tutankhamun, History and Chronology of Tours 1961 - 2013, visitor attendance records, A beautiful fine art quality. Find out more about Tutankhamun, the boy king of ancient Egypt, at Biography.com. Over the years, medical science has revealed more clues about King Tut's life. Since then, his remains have held millions in awe over the mystery of his life and death. Synopsis. Born circa 1. B. C. E., King Tut was the 1. Egyptian dynasty, in power from approximately 1. B. C. E. During his reign, powerful advisers restored the traditional Egyptian religion, which had been set aside by his father, Akhenaten, who had led the . Since then, studies of his tomb and remains have revealed much information about his life and times. Background. Probably one of the best known pharaohs of ancient Egypt, Tutankhamun was a minor figure in ancient Egyptian history. The boy king of the 1. Egyptian dynasty was the son of the powerful Akhenaten (also known as Amenhotep IV) and most likely one of Akhenaten's sisters. His short reign of eight to nine years accomplished little, but the discovery of his nearly intact tomb in 1. Kingt Tut was an Egyptian pharaoh who lived between roughly 13 B.C. Here's a look at the life and death of Tutankamun, the boy king. Was King Tut murdered or did he die from an illness? This age old question has continued to puzzle historians, Egyptologists, and scientists for many years.
Early Life Tutankhamun was born circa 1. B. C. E. Tutankhaten's father had forbidden the worship of many gods in favor of worshiping one, Aten, the sun disk. For this, he is known as the . It does seem, however, that his intent was to reduce the power of the priests and shift the traditional temple- based economy to a new regime run by local government administrators and military commanders. The capital was changed from Thebes to Armana, and Akhenaten put all of his efforts into the religious transition, neglecting domestic and foreign affairs. As the power struggle between old and new intensified, Akhenaten became more autocratic and his regime more corrupt. Following a 1. 7- year reign, he was gone, probably forced to abdicate, and died soon after. His 9- year- old son, Tutankhaten, took over around 1. B. C. E. Boy King in Power. The same year that Tutankhaten took power, he married Ankhesenamun, his half sister and the daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. It is known that the young couple had two daughters, both likely to have been stillborn. Due to Tutankhaten's young age when he assumed power, the first years of his reign were probably controlled by an elder known as Ay, who bore the title of Vizier. Ay was assisted by Horemheb, Egypt's top military commander at the time. Both men reversed Akhenaten's decree to worship Aten, in favor of the traditional polytheistic beliefs. Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamun, which means . Foreign policy had also been neglected during Akhenaten's reign, and Tutankhamun sought to restore better relations with ancient Egypt's neighbors. While there is some evidence to suggest that Tutankhamun's diplomacy was successful, during his reign, battles took place between Egypt and the Nubians and Asiatics over territory and control of trade routes. Tutankhamun was trained in the military, and there is some evidence that he was good at archery. However, it is unlikely that he saw any military action. Internally, Tutankhamun sought to restore the old order, in the hope that the gods would once again look favorably on Egypt. He ordered the repair of the holy sites and continued construction at the temple of Karnak. He also oversaw the completion of the red granite lions at Soleb. Death and Burial. Because Tutankhamun and his wife had no surviving children, his death at age 1. B. C. E., brought further turmoil to the court. Evidence indicates that upon his death, Ankhesenamun contacted the king of the Hittites, asking for one of his sons as a husband. The Hittite king sent a candidate, but he died during the journey, most likely assassinated before he got to the royal palace. This attempt to forge an alliance with a foreign power was most likely prevented by Ay and Horemheb, who were still in control behind the scenes. Evidence shows that Ankhesenamun later married Ay, before disappearing from history. Tutankhamun was buried in a tomb in the Valley of the Kings. It is believed that his early death necessitated a hasty burial in a smaller tomb most likely built for a lesser noble. The body was preserved in the traditional fashion of mummification. Seventy days after his death, Tutankhamun's body was laid to rest and the tomb was sealed. There are no known records of Tutankhamun after his death, and, as a result, he remained virtually unknown until the 1. Even the location of his tomb was lost, as its entrance had been covered by the debris from a tomb structure built later. King Tut's Tomb Discovered. Much of what is known about Tutankhamun, better known today as King Tut, derives from the discovery of his tomb in 1. British archaeologist Howard Carter had begun excavating in Egypt in 1. World War I he began an intensive search for Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings. On November 2. 6, 1. Carter and fellow archaeologist George Herbert, the Earl of Carnarvon, entered the interior chambers of the tomb. To their amazement, they found much of its contents and structure miraculously intact. Inside one of the chambers, murals were painted on the walls that told the story of Tutankhamun's funeral and his journey to the afterworld. Also in the room were various artifacts for his journey—oils, perfumes, toys from his childhood, precious jewelry and statues of gold and ebony. The most fascinating item found was the stone sarcophagus containing three coffins, one inside the other, with a final coffin made of gold. When the lid of the third coffin was raised, King Tut's royal mummy was revealed, preserved for more than 3,0. As archaeologists examined the mummy, they found other artifacts, including bracelets, rings and collars. Over the next 1. 7 years, Carter and his associates carefully excavated the four- room tomb, uncovering an incredible collection of thousands of priceless objects. Videos. Related Videos. This is because he was not very impressive compared to rulers such as the various Ramses. His wide spread fame is due to the discovery of his basically untouched tomb in the Valley of the Kings in 1. British archaeologist Howard Carter. Even so, there are some interesting aspects about the boy king that people are not generally aware of. Tut ruled from 1. BC to 1. 32. 7 BC. Through examination of his remains he is thought to have been around the age of 1. It is commonly thought that he was the sun of Akhenaten. His wife and queen was Ankhesenamun who was the third daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. Tut and his administration had a lot of work to do after his father left the Egyptian state in quite a mess. The old religion was restored and construction began to rebuilt destroyed temples of deities. Also, the capital was moved from Akhtaten back to Thebes. Even though he is often thought not to be, Tut did have some historical significance. He could have continued with his father’s administration instead of going back to the old ways. This would have definitely had an impact on the Egyptian state. The best answer for why this did not happen is because Tut was so young when he ascended the throne. What does an 8 year old know about ruling such a vast and powerful kingdom as Egypt? For awhile, things were basically run by the viziers and administration. The priesthood also saw this time as a perfect opportunity to reestablish their authority in helping the rule Egypt. Of course there is the controversy over how Tut died. People are constantly working to discover the answer to this but it reality, does it matter? This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3. |